|
As Allied troops entered and occupied German territory during the later stages of World War II, mass rapes took place both in connection with combat operations and during the subsequent occupation. Most Western scholars agree that the majority of the rapes were committed by Soviet servicemen, but estimates vary widely. Russian historians have criticized the estimates and argue that these crimes were not widespread. The wartime rapes had been surrounded by decades of silence.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Raped by the Red Army: Two million German women speak out )〕 According to Antony Beevor, NKVD files have revealed that the Soviet leadership knew what was happening, including about the rape of Soviet women liberated from labour camps, but did nothing to stop it, while other sources say that the Soviet leadership took swift action.〔 ==Soviet troops== Historians have written about sexual violence committed by the armies of the Western Allies and the Red Army as these forces fought their way into the Third Reich and during the period of occupation. On the territory of Nazi Germany, it began on 21 October 1944 when troops of the Red Army crossed the bridge over the Angerapp creek (marking the border) and committed the Nemmersdorf massacre before they were beaten back a few hours later. The majority of the assaults were committed in the Soviet occupation zone; estimates of the numbers of German women raped by Soviet soldiers have ranged up to 2 million.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC - History - World Wars: The Battle for Berlin in World War Two )〕〔Hanna Schissler ''The Miracle Years: A Cultural History of West Germany, 1949–1968'' ()〕 According to historian William Hitchcock, in many cases women were the victims of repeated rapes, some as many as 60 to 70 times. At least 100,000 women are believed to have been raped in Berlin, based on surging abortion rates in the following months and contemporary hospital reports,〔 with an estimated 10,000 women dying in the aftermath.〔Atina Grossmann. A Question of Silence: The Rape of German Women by Occupation Soldiers ''October'', Vol. 72, ''Berlin 1945: War and Rape "Liberators Take Liberties"'' (Spring, 1995), pp. 42–63 MIT Press〕 Female deaths in connection with the rapes in Germany, overall, are estimated at 240,000.〔Helke Sander/Barbara Johr: ''BeFreier und Befreite'', Fischer, Frankfurt 2005〕〔Seidler/Zayas: ''Kriegsverbrechen in Europa und im Nahen Osten im 20. Jahrhundert'', Mittler, Hamburg Berlin Bonn 2002〕 Antony Beevor describes it as the "greatest phenomenon of mass rape in history", and has concluded that at least 1.4 million women were raped in East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia alone. According to Natalya Gesse, Russian soldiers raped German females from eight to eighty years old. Russian women were not spared either.〔Antony Beevor, ''The Fall of Berlin 1945''. 〕〔Richard Bessel, ''Germany 1945''. 〕 When Yugoslav politician Milovan Djilas complained about rapes in Yugoslavia, Stalin reportedly stated that he should "understand it if a soldier who has crossed thousands of kilometres through blood and fire and death has fun with a woman or takes some trifle."〔Anne Applebaum, ''Iron Curtain, The Crushing of Eastern Europe'', p.32〕 On another occasion, when told that Red Army soldiers sexually maltreated German refugees, he reportedly said: "We lecture our soldiers too much; let them have their initiative." Historian Norman Naimark writes that after the summer of 1945, Soviet soldiers caught raping civilians were usually punished to some degree, ranging from arrest to execution.〔Naimark, p. 92.〕 However, the rapes continued until the winter of 1947–48, when Soviet occupation authorities finally confined Soviet troops to strictly guarded posts and camps,〔Naimark, p. 79.〕 separating them from the residential population in the Soviet zone of Germany. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Rape during the occupation of Germany」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|